Environmental pollution in Nigeria has emerged as a critical challenge, driven by rapid urbanization, industrial expansion, population growth, and inadequate regulatory enforcement. This paper explores the multifaceted causes of pollution—including air, water, soil, and noise—highlighting key contributors such as vehicular emissions, industrial waste, oil spills, deforestation, and poor waste management practices. The implications are far-reaching, affecting public health, biodiversity, agricultural productivity, and overall environmental sustainability. Vulnerable communities, particularly in the Niger Delta and urban centers like Lagos and Port Harcourt, bear the brunt of these impacts, experiencing elevated rates of respiratory illnesses, waterborne diseases, and ecosystem degradation. In response, the study proposes a suite of solutions: strengthening environmental legislation, promoting renewable energy, enhancing waste recycling infrastructure, and fostering public awareness and community engagement. By integrating policy reform with technological innovation and grassroots participation, Nigeria can chart a path toward a cleaner, healthier, and more resilient environment.